Enseñando moralidad como competencia inclusiva en educación superior: efectos de la discusión de dilemas y contribución de la empatía.
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https://doi.org/10.22550/REP81-3-2023-03Palabras clave:
educación superior, pedagogías inclusivas, competencia moral, empatía, formación de profesoradoResumen
Las pedagogías inclusivas se han incorporado a la agenda de la diversidad de la educación superior y, por consiguiente, sus metodologías docentes deben ser evaluadas para garantizar la formación efectiva de los estudiantes en competencias de ciudadanía inclusiva, como es el caso de la competencia moral. Los métodos basados en discusión de dilemas han demostrado su efectividad sobre los aprendizajes morales en programas específicos, pero se carece de evidencia relacionada con su aplicación transversal. Por otro lado, estos métodos podrían enriquecerse mediante estrategias orientadas al aprendizaje de competencias que han sido identificadas como factores predictores en teorías de juicio y desarrollo moral, tales como la empatía. El presente estudio analiza los efectos de una intervención docente de 10 horas sobre el aprendizaje de la competencia moral a través de una variante del método Konstanz de discusión de dilemas (KMDD), bien aplicando únicamente esta metodología, bien usando una estrategia mixta de discusión de dilemas y actividades de persuasión narrativa —estas últimas con objeto de verificar la contribución de la empatía al aprendizaje moral—. Las hipótesis sobre ambas aproximaciones metodológicas se comprobaron mediante un diseño cuasiexperimental pretest-postest con grupo de control en el contexto ecológico del primer curso de formación de maestros. Los datos se recogieron con el test de competencia moral y se analizaron con modelos lineales mixtos. Los resultados no apoyaron la expectativa de aprendizaje moral inducido empáticamente. Sin embargo, se evidenció una progresión significativa de la competencia moral mediante el uso del KMDD. En la discusión se plantea la disociación entre empatía/altruismo y competencia moral para interpretar la inefectividad de la estrategia mixta, y se sugiere la necesidad de aplicar pedagogías con un foco más experiencial con objeto de potenciar la competencia moral mediante actividades en entornos comunitarios de diversidad.
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